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研究成果： 臺灣饒平客話音韻的源與變=The Taiwan Raoping Hakka sound source with changes

• 作者：徐貴榮(HSU,KUEI-JUNG)(研究生)
• 其他作者：羅肇錦(指導教授)
• 語文：中文

• 出版者：國立新竹教育大學　
• 系所名稱：臺灣語言與語文教育研究所
• 學位類別：博士

• 出版日期：2008
• 畢業學年度：96
• 頁數：395

• 主題：語言-饒平

• 關鍵詞：饒平客話音韻、攝等、源與變、對比、音變、Raopingg Hakka sound、Group,TÊNG3、the sources with to change contrast、change、phonetic

• 國家：臺灣
• 城市：新竹縣

摘要：

臺灣饒平客話音韻呈現多元面貌，在聲調方面南腔北調，每個方言點的連讀變調，不盡相同，各地饒平人自以為是，認為自己的話才是正宗。台灣饒平後裔離開祖地到今，亦達二、三百年之久，祖地也在變化，為了尋求台灣饒平客話的源和變而作此研究。
本文繼碩士論文《台灣桃園饒平客話》之基礎，繼續調查了現在還說饒平話的聚落，新竹、卓蘭地區的十個方言點，依其最大差異的聲調、聲母、韻母特徵分成ABC三組。為了研究的準確性，依此三組的祖地往廣東饒平縣實地訪查，歷經兩年調查了饒洋等六個方言點。因為在語言三要素中，音韻是最重要的特徵，所以本文以音韻作為研究，以饒平與台灣各點比對為經，與中古音討論為緯，以探尋台灣饒平客話的源與變。
本文共分七章，並附參考文獻、附錄三。第一章導論，述明研究動機和主旨、調查的區域和原則。第二章文獻探討，第三章為研究方法，第四、五章分別為廣東饒平地區和台灣三組的音韻系統。第六章台灣饒平客話音韻的源與變，為本文主軸，分四節，第一節討論聲母，第二節討論韻母，第三節討論聲調，第四節討論台灣饒平客話變的方向和結果。第七章為結論，提出本論文研究的成果和價值。
結果顯示，台灣多元的聲調，才是饒平客話的源貌。饒洋地區的單字調，二、三百年來由多元逐漸統一，多元面貌保留在各地的連讀變調中。台灣的連讀變調，本來就在多元之下，又與周邊方言接觸受影響，於是變得更為複雜，呈現各點都不相同的面貌。聲母、韻母，饒平祖地較沒有改變，台灣變化較多。「溪」母由〔k’〕變〔h〕，以A組的芝芭、平鎮、興南變化最多，如：殼k’ok4→hok4。其次是古「精莊知章」四組聲母合成一套讀〔ts、ts’、s〕，如：針tsm1。再次是〔v〕聲母的掉落，A組的芝芭、平鎮、興南，B組過嶺、觀音，如：園ien5（平鎮）、ien5（過嶺）。〔v〕聲母保存最完整的是A組卓蘭和B組竹北、芎林。共同保存而屹立不搖的是「章」組少數擦音仍讀〔f〕聲母，如：睡fe7。韻母方面，變化最多的是古「止、深、臻、曾、梗四攝三等字」A組芝芭、平鎮、興南隨「精莊知章」四組聲母合成一套讀精組變成〔〕，如：指ts2。「效、咸、山、梗」四攝的四等韻端組主要元音為〔e〕，只有B組保存，如：點tem2，其他都有變成tiam2。「宕、江、梗、通」四攝清聲母或部分次濁聲母入聲，今讀沒有-k韻尾的「超陰入」，B組仍保存，饒平嶺腳地區已變為有-k韻尾。「古山攝三、四等韻幫、端、精、曉組沒有〔i〕介音，如：面men31、扁pen31、鐵thet2、 天then11、錢tshen53，只有A組卓蘭、B組新屋保存最多，卓蘭甚至比祖地上饒地區還多。
本論文研究的成果及價值，能夠顯示台灣饒平客話一個真相，即是既保有饒平客話在聲調方面共同的源頭，一方面聲母、韻母又繼續在演變。祖地的饒平客話也在演變，因為是聚居，所以演變較慢，但新的特殊文白異讀，正逐漸向普通話和潮汕話靠攏。聲調的不易變，聲母的平行音變，在饒平客話可以見到。豐富的古擦音讀塞擦音，三等無〔i〕介音、四等為〔e〕，印證學者提出上古無〔i〕介音和四等為〔e〕的論點，在饒平客話中得到驗證。三等無〔i〕介音及古遇攝韻母〔iu〕也是畬族語言的特徵，饒平話也存有畬語的特徵，所以饒平客話是研究語言接觸，語音變化之有利橋樑，是語言的「活化石」。
關鍵詞 饒平客話音韻 攝等 源與變 對比 音變
The Taiwan Raoping Hakka sound presents the multi-dimensional appearance, especially in the intonation aspect mixed accent, each dialect company reads the transposition, is different. Each Raoping person in many places thinks of himself as infallible, and the orthodox school. The Taiwan Raoping descendants have left their homeland for about 300 years , and the ancestor local speech is also changing. In order to seek Taiwan's source and changes, I do this research. This article continues to master the paper about the foundation of "Taiwan Taoyuang Raoping Hakka" , and investigates the present to add the bonus popular stories the settlement, Hsinchu, and Zhuolan the local ten dialect spots, according to its biggest difference intonation, the initial consonant, these characteristic s were divided into the ABC three groups. In order to study the accuracy, I inquired on the spot according to this three groups of ancestors toward the Guangdong Raoping County, and have been through repeatedly for two years to investigate Rao Yang and other six dialect spots. Because of three essential factors in the language, the sound is the most important characteristic. Therefore, this article takes the research by the sound, taking the Raoping and Taiwan as each ratio, with the ancient pronunciation discussion as the latitude, I inquired about the Taiwan Raoping hakka the source with changes.
This research altogether is divided into seven chapters, and attaches the reference, the appendix three. The first chapter introductory remarks explain the research motive and the primary intention, the investigation region and the principle. The second chapter literature discussion, the third chapter is the research technique, fourth, five chapters respectively be Guangdong Raoping area and Taiwan three groups of sound systems. The sixth chapter Taiwan Raoping Hakka sound source with changes, is this article main axle, divides four, the first discussion initial consonant, the second discussion final, the third discussion intonation, fourth Taiwan changes direction and result. The seventh chapter , the conclusion, proposes the present paper research achievement and the value.
The result showed that, the Taiwan multi-dimensional intonation, is the Raoping source and course, in Raoyang the multi-dimensional unifies gradually for about 300 years. The multi-dimensional appearance retains in each place company reads in the transposition. Taiwan's company reads the transposition, originally in multi-dimensional under, also receives with the peripheral dialect contact affects, therefore changes more complex, presents each all not same appearance. The initial consonant, and the final Raoping ancestor have not changed. Taiwan changes more, “the brook” the mother changes (h) by (k') south, by A group of iris banana plant, the Pingzhen, is popular changes many, for example: Shell k' ok4→hok4.Next is ancient “fine Zhuang Zhizhang” four groups of initial consonants synthesizes a set to read (ts, ts', s), for example: Needle ts (m1.Is (v) initial consonant falling once more south, A group of iris Zhizpa, Hsinnang, and Pingzhen are popular, B group of ranges, Goddess of Mercy, for example: Garden ien5 (Pingzhen), (ien5 (range).The (v) initial consonant preserves most complete is north A group of Zhuo Lan and B group of Hsupei and Chunglin. Preserved stands erect does not swing is together “the chapter” the group minority fricative still reads the (f) initial consonant, for example: sleep fe7. outh the final aspect, changed most much is ancient “stops, deeply, reaches, once, the stem four absorbs three and so on the characters” A group of iris Zhizpa, Hsinnang ,and Pingzhen, is popular four groups of initial consonants synthesizes a set along with “fine Zhuang Zhizhang” to read the fine group to turn () for example: Refers to ts2 “The effect, all, the mountain, the stem” four absorb four and so on the rhyme end group main vowels are (e), only then groupB preserves, for example: Selects tem2, other all have turns tiam2.“The dawdle, the river, the stem, pass” four absorb the clear initial consonant or the partial voiced nasal consonant initial consonant entering tone, now reads - the k rhyme tail “the Upper Abrupt Tone”, group B still preserved, the Raoping range foot area has become has the -k rhyme tail.“The Gushan absorbs three, four and so on the rhyme gangs, the end, the essence, the dawn group does not have the (i) head vowel of a compound vowel, for example: Surface men31, flat pen31, hard thet2, day then11, money tshen53, only then group A Zhuolan, group B Hsinwu preserved most, Zhuolan even more, compared to Shangjao area ancestor .
The achievement and the value of this research can provide Taiwan Raoping Hakka with truth, and both hold the Raoping Hakka in the intonation aspect common source. On one hand, the initial consonant and the final continue to evolve.The ancestor place Raoping Hakka are also evolving, because of the villages, the evolution is slow, but new special article white variant pronunciation, gradually to standard spoken Chinese and Chaoxian speech stem for stem.The intonation is not instable, while the initial consonant parallel phonetic change, may see in the Raoping Hakka.The rich ancient fricative reads the affricate, three and so on the non-(i) head vowel of a compound vowel, four and so on is (e), verifies the scholar to propose the antiquity non-(i) head vowel of a compound vowel and four and others are the (e) argument, obtains the confirmation in the Raoping Hakka, Three the non-(i) head vowel of a compound vowel and ancient meets absorbs final (iu) is also the race language characteristic, the bountiful popular stories also have the language characteristic. Therefore , the Raoping Hakka is “the living fossil” of the language.

目錄：請點選以下目次顯示內容

臺灣饒平客話音韻的源與變 目次
第一章 導論 ---------------------------------------1
第一節 研究動機與主旨 -----------------------------1
第二節 調查的區域與原則 ---------------------------3
第三節 預期的目的 --------------------------------5
第二章 文獻探討 ------------------------------------6
第一節 饒平客話的文獻 -----------------------------6
第二節 歷史語言學、方言源流、接觸及演變的文獻回顧-----10
第三章 研究方法 ------------------------------------15
第一節 田野調查 ----------------------------------15
第二節 描寫語言 ----------------------------------17
第三節 比較研究 ----------------------------------19
第四節 語音分析 ----------------------------------19
第四章 廣東饒平客話音韻系統 --------------------------20
第一節 以饒洋鎮為中心的饒平客話音韻系統 --------------20
第二節 語音系統與中古音廣韻系統的對照 ----------------25
第三節 文白異讀 -----------------------------------54
第四節 饒洋客話的語音特徵 --------------------------59
第五節 各鎮聲韻調系統的比較差異----------------------64
第五章 台灣饒平客話音韻系統 ---------------------------67
第一節 音韻系統 -----------------------------------67
第二節 音韻系統與中古音廣韻系統的對照 ----------------82
第六章 台灣饒平客話音韻的源與變 -----------------------85
第一節 聲母 ---------------------------------------85
第二節 韻母 ------------------------------------- 129
第三節 聲調 ------------------------------------- 177
第四節 台灣饒平客話音韻變的類型 --------------------207
第七章 結論 --------------------------------------- 211
第一節 研究成果與價值 -----------------------------211
第二節 展望與後續研究 -------------------------------218
參考文獻 -------------------------------------------219
附錄 -----------------------------------------------229
一 兩岸饒平客話方言點單字音表 ----------------------229
二 饒洋詞彙 --------------------------------------333
三 發音人和受訪人簡介 -----------------------------393